Order Actiniaria: E. Rodriguez, M. G Fautin 313. Not classify the members of the phylum as is now done, and the diversity of the group is not well represented. We con- trast the. The anthozoan subclass Octocorallia comprises the soft corals, gorgonians (sea fans, sea whips), sea pens, and.

For psychological condition, see. Scabies Synonyms Seven-year itch Magnified view of a burrowing trail of the scabies mite.

The scaly patch on the left was caused by the scratching and marks the mite's entry point into the skin. The mite has burrowed to the top-right, where it can be seen as a dark spot at the end., Symptoms, -like rash Usual onset 2–6 weeks (first infection), ~1 day (subsequent infections) Causes spread by close contact Crowded living conditions (child care facilities, group homes, prisons), lack of access to water Based on symptoms,,, Medication,,, Frequency 204 million / 2.8% (2015). [] Scabies, also known as the seven-year itch, is a contagious skin by the. The most common symptoms are severe and a -like rash. Occasionally, tiny may be seen in the skin. In a first ever infection a person will usually develop symptoms in between two and six weeks.

During a second infection symptoms may begin in as little as 24 hours. These symptoms can be present across most of the body or just certain areas such as the wrists, between fingers, or along the waistline. The head may be affected, but this is typically only in young children. The itch is often worse at night. Scratching may cause skin breakdown and an additional bacterial infection of the skin. Scabies is caused by infection with the female. The mites burrow into the skin to live and deposit eggs.

The symptoms of scabies are due to an to the mites. Often, only between 10 and 15 mites are involved in an infection. Scabies is most often spread during a relatively long period of direct skin contact with an infected person (at least 10 minutes) such as that which may occur during sex or living together. Spread of disease may occur even if the person has not developed symptoms yet.

Crowded living conditions, such as those found in child-care facilities, group homes, and prisons, increase the risk of spread. Areas with a lack of access to water also have higher rates of disease.

Crusted scabies is a more severe form of the disease. It typically only occurs in those with a and people may have millions of mites, making them much more contagious. In these cases, spread of infection may occur during brief contact or by contaminated objects.

The mite is very small and usually not directly visible. Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms.

A number of medications are available to treat those infected, including,, and creams and pills. Sexual contacts within the last month and people who live in the same house should also be treated at the same time. Bedding and clothing used in the last three days should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer. As the mite does not live for more than three days away from human skin, more washing is not needed. Symptoms may continue for two to four weeks following treatment.

If after this time symptoms continue, retreatment may be needed. Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children, along with and. As of 2015, it affects about 204 million people (2.8% of the world population). It is equally common in both sexes. The young and the old are more commonly affected. It also occurs more commonly in the and. The word scabies is from: scabere, 'to scratch'.

Other animals do not spread human scabies. Infection in other animals is typically caused by slightly different but related mites and is known as. Commonly involved sites of rashes of scabies The characteristic symptoms of a scabies infection include intense and superficial burrows. The burrow tracks are often linear, to the point that a neat 'line' of four or more closely placed and equally developed mosquito-like 'bites' is almost diagnostic of the disease. [ ] Because the host develops the symptoms as a reaction to the mites' presence over time, typically a delay of four to six weeks occurs between the onset of infestation and the onset of itching. Similarly, symptoms often persist for one to several weeks after successful eradication of the mites. As noted, those re-exposed to scabies after successful treatment may exhibit symptoms of the new infestation in a much shorter period—as little as one to four days.

Itching [ ] In the classic scenario, the itch is made worse by warmth, and is usually experienced as being worse at night, possibly because distractions are fewer. As a symptom, it is less common in the elderly. Rash [ ] The superficial burrows of scabies usually occur in the area of the finger webs, feet, ventral wrists, elbows, back, buttocks, and external genitals.

Except in infants and the immunosuppressed, infection generally does not occur in the skin of the face or scalp. The burrows are created by excavation of the adult mite in the. In most people, the trails of the burrowing mites are linear or S-shaped tracks in the skin often accompanied by rows of small, pimple-like mosquito or insect bites.

These signs are often found in crevices of the body, such as on the webs of fingers and toes, around the genital area, in stomach folds of the skin, and under the breasts of women. Symptoms typically appear two to six weeks after infestation for individuals never before exposed to scabies. For those having been previously exposed, the symptoms can appear within several days after infestation. However, symptoms may appear after several months or years., or blisters and pustules on the palms and soles of the feet, are characteristic symptoms of scabies in infants.

Crusted scabies in a person with The elderly, disabled, and people with an, such as,, or those on, are susceptible to crusted scabies (formerly called Norwegian scabies). On those with weaker immune systems, the host becomes a more fertile breeding ground for the mites, which spread over the host's body, except the face. The mites in crusted scabies are not more virulent than in noncrusted scabies; however, they are much more numerous (up to two million). People with crusted scabies exhibit scaly rashes, slight itching, and thick crusts of skin that contain the large numbers of scabies mites. Due to being infected thusly, persons with crusted scabies are more contagious to other persons. Such areas make eradication of mites particularly difficult, as the crusts protect the mites from topical miticides/scabicides, necessitating prolonged treatment of these areas. Cause [ ] Scabies mite [ ].

Life cycle of scabies In the 18th century, Italian biologist (1637–1718) described the mite now called, variety hominis, as the scabies. Sarcoptes is a genus of skin parasites and part of the larger family of mites collectively known as scab mites. These organisms have eight legs as adults, and are placed in the same phylogenetic class () as spiders and ticks. Scabiei mites are under 0.5 mm in size, but are sometimes visible as pinpoints of white. Gravid females tunnel into the dead, outermost layer () of a host's skin and deposit in the shallow burrows.

The eggs hatch into in three to ten days. These young mites move about on the skin and into a ' stage, before maturing as adults, which live three to four weeks in the host's skin.

Itunes Video Drm Removal Linux Software more. Males roam on top of the skin, occasionally burrowing into the skin. In general, the total number of adult mites infesting a healthy hygienic person with noncrusted scabies is small, about 11 females in burrows, on average. The movement of mites within and on the skin produces an intense itch, which has the characteristics of a delayed to allergens.

Antibodies are present in the serum and the site of infection, which react to multiple protein allergens in the body of the mite. Some of these cross-react to allergens from house dust mites. Immediate (wheals) have been elicited in infected persons, but not in healthy persons; immediate of this type is thought to explain the observed far more rapid allergic skin response to reinfection seen in persons having been previously infected (especially having been infected within the previous year or two).

Transmission [ ] Scabies is and can be contracted through prolonged physical contact with an infested person. This includes, although a majority of cases are acquired through other forms of skin-to-skin contact. Less commonly, scabies infestation can happen through the sharing of clothes, towels, and bedding, but this is not a major mode of transmission; individual mites can only survive for two to three days, at most, away from human skin at room temperature. As with lice, a is ineffective against scabies transmission during intercourse, because mites typically migrate from one individual to the next at sites other than the sex organs.

Healthcare workers are at risk of contracting scabies from patients, because they may be in extended contact with them. Pathophysiology [ ] The symptoms are caused by an of the host's body to mite proteins, though exactly which proteins remains a topic of study. The mite proteins are also present from the gut, in mite feces, which are deposited under the skin.

The allergic reaction is both of the delayed (cell-mediated) and immediate (antibody-mediated) type, and involves IgE (antibodies, it is presumed, mediate the very rapid symptoms on reinfection). The allergy-type symptoms (itching) continue for some days, and even several weeks, after all mites are killed. New lesions may appear for a few days after mites are eradicated. Nodular lesions from scabies may continue to be symptomatic for weeks after the mites have been killed. Rates of scabies were negatively related to temperature and positively related to humidity. Diagnosis [ ]. A of an itch mite ( S.

Scabiei) Scabies may be diagnosed clinically in geographical areas where it is common when diffuse itching presents along with either lesions in two typical spots or itchiness is present in another household member. The classical sign of scabies is the burrow made by a mite within the skin. To detect the burrow, the suspected area is rubbed with ink from a fountain pen or a topical solution, which glows under a special light. The skin is then wiped with an alcohol pad. If the person is infected with scabies, the characteristic zigzag or S pattern of the burrow will appear across the skin; however, interpreting this test may be difficult, as the burrows are scarce and may be obscured by scratch marks. A definitive diagnosis is made by finding either the scabies mites or their eggs and fecal pellets. Searches for these signs involve either scraping a suspected area, mounting the sample in and examining it under a microscope, or using to examine the skin directly.

Differential diagnosis [ ] Symptoms of early scabies infestation mirror other skin diseases, including,,, various -related syndromes, allergic reactions, ringworm-related diseases, and other such as and. Prevention [ ] Mass-treatment programs that use topical or oral have been effective in reducing the prevalence of scabies in a number of populations. No vaccine is available for scabies. The simultaneous treatment of all close contacts is recommended, even if they show no symptoms of infection (), to reduce rates of recurrence. Since mites can survive for only two to three days without a host, pose little risk of transmission except in the case of crusted scabies, thus cleaning is of little importance. Rooms used by those with crusted scabies require thorough cleaning.

Management [ ] A number of medications are effective in treating scabies. Treatment should involve the entire household, and any others who have had recent, prolonged contact with the infested individual. Options to control itchiness include and prescription anti-inflammatory agents. Bedding, clothing and towels used during the previous three days should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer. Permethrin [ ] is the most effective treatment for scabies, and remains the treatment of choice. It is applied from the neck down, usually before bedtime, and left on for about eight to 14 hours, then washed off in the morning.

Care should be taken to coat the entire skin surface, not just symptomatic areas; any patch of skin left untreated can provide a 'safe haven' for one or more mites to survive. One application is normally sufficient, as permethrin kills eggs and hatchlings, as well as adult mites, though many physicians recommend a second application three to seven days later as a precaution. Crusted scabies may require multiple applications, or supplemental treatment with oral ivermectin (below). Permethrin may cause slight irritation of the skin that is usually tolerable. Ivermectin [ ] Oral ivermectin is effective in eradicating scabies, often in a single dose. It is the treatment of choice for crusted scabies, and is sometimes prescribed in combination with a topical agent.

It has not been tested on infants, and is not recommended for children under six years of age. Ivermectin preparations have been shown to be effective for scabies in adults, though only one such formulation is available in the United States at present, and it is not FDA-approved as a scabies treatment.

It has also been useful for (the veterinary analog of human scabies). Others [ ] Other treatments include lindane,,,, and preparations.

Lindane is effective, but concerns over potential neurotoxicity have limited its availability in many countries. It is banned in, but may be used in other states as a second-line treatment. Sulfur ointments or benzyl benzoate are often used in the developing world due to their low cost; Some 10% sulfur solutions have been shown to be effective, and sulfur ointments are typically used for at least a week, though many people find the odor of sulfur products unpleasant. Crotamiton has been found to be less effective than permethrin in limited studies. Crotamiton or sulfur preparations are sometimes recommended instead of permethrin for children, due to concerns over of permethrin. Healed Communities [ ] Scabies is endemic in many developing countries, where it tends to be particularly problematic in rural and remote areas. In such settings, community-wide control strategies are required to reduce the rate of disease, as treatment of only individuals is ineffective due to the high rate of reinfection.

Large-scale mass drug administration strategies may be required where coordinated interventions aim to treat whole communities in one concerted effort. Although such strategies have shown to be able to reduce the burden of scabies in these kinds of communities, debate remains about the best strategy to adopt, including the choice of drug.

The resources required to implement such large-scale interventions in a cost-effective and sustainable way are significant. Furthermore, since endemic scabies is largely restricted to poor and remote areas, it is a public health issue that has not attracted much attention from policy makers and international donors. Epidemiology [ ] Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children, along with and. As of 2010, it affects about 100 million people (1.5% of the population) and is equally common in both genders.

The mites are distributed around the world and equally infect all ages, races, and socioeconomic classes in different climates. Scabies is more often seen in crowded areas with unhygienic living conditions. Globally as of 2009, an estimated 300 million cases of scabies occur each year, although various parties claim the figure is either over- or underestimated.

About 1–10% of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies, but in certain populations, the infection rate may be as high as 50–80%. Wax figurine of a man with Norwegian scabies Scabies has been observed in humans since ancient times. Archeological evidence from Egypt and the Middle East suggests scabies was present as early as 494 BC.

The first recorded reference to scabies is believed to be from the – it may be a type of ' mentioned in c. 1200 BC or be mentioned among the curses of Deuteronomy 28. In the fourth century BC, reported on 'lice' that 'escape from little pimples if they are pricked' – a description consistent with scabies.

The Roman encyclopedist and medical writer (c. 25 BC – 50 AD) is credited with naming the disease 'scabies' and describing its characteristic features. Abhivyakti Aur Madhyam Download.

The parasitic etiology of scabies was documented by the Italian physician Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo (1663–1696) in his 1687 letter, 'Observations concerning the fleshworms of the human body'. Bonomo's description established scabies as one of the first human diseases with a well-understood cause. In Europe in the late 19th through mid-20th centuries, a sulfur-bearing called by the of Wilkinson's ointment was widely used for topical treatment of scabies. The contents and origins of several versions of the ointment were detailed in correspondence published in the in 1945.

Society and culture [ ]. A street dog in,, suffers from sarcoptic. Scabies may occur in a number of domestic and wild animals; the mites that cause these infestations are of different subspecies from the one typically causing the human form. These subspecies can infest animals that are not their usual hosts, but such infections do not last long. Scabies-infected animals suffer severe itching and secondary skin infections.

They often lose weight and become frail. The most frequently diagnosed form of scabies in domestic animals is sarcoptic mange, caused by the subspecies Sarcoptes scabiei canis, most commonly in dogs and cats.

Sarcoptic mange is transmissible to humans who come into prolonged contact with infested animals, and is distinguished from human scabies by its distribution on skin surfaces covered by clothing. Scabies-infected domestic fowl suffer what is known as 'scaly leg'. Domestic animals that have gone feral and have no veterinary care are frequently afflicted with scabies and a host of other ailments.

Nondomestic animals have also been observed to suffer from scabies. Gorillas, for instance, are known to be susceptible to infection by contact with items used by humans. Research [ ] is being evaluated as a treatment for scabies. It is established in veterinary medicine to treat a range of parasites, including sarcoptic mange.

Its advantage over ivermectin is its longer half life in humans and, thus, potential duration of action. Tea tree oil appears to be effective in a.

CryptoNote Development status Active Written in,,, Website CryptoNote is an protocol that powers several decentralized privacy oriented. It aims to be an evolution of the ideas behind. [ ] The main difference between the two technologies is that Bitcoin (and most digital currencies) is less opaque than CryptoNote-based currencies due to the latter's being almost anonymous, contrary to non-Cryptonote blockchains. CryptoNote currencies use a distributed public ledger that records all balances and transactions of its in-built currency like Bitcoin.

Unlike Bitcoin, CryptoNote's transactions cannot be followed through the blockchain in a way that reveals who sent or received coins. The approximate amount of a transaction can be known, but the origin, destination, or actual amount cannot be learned. The only information available is that the actual amount was lower than the displayed amount. The only people with access to the whole set of data about a transaction are the sender or receiver of the transaction and the person who possesses one or both secret keys. Another significant difference is CryptoNote's -based algorithm. Bitcoin uses, which is a CPU-bound function. That means that participants (miners) are only limited by their calculation speeds, and it is relatively cheap to create an (ASIC) device, which will surpass an ordinary computer in hashes per unit of money.

CryptoNote uses, which cannot be easily. CryptoNote codebase is not from Bitcoin's, so it also has other different inner algorithms, for things such as recalculating new difficulty level or new block size. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Origins [ ] CryptoNote technology was first described in a whitepaper CryptoNote v 1.0. [ ] An updated version has been released under the name CryptoNote v 2.0 [ ] later.

The Bytecoin cryptocurrency was the first one where the underlying cryptographic protocol has been implemented. CryptoNote was at first developed in for faster launch, and then re-written in in 2013. [ ] CryptoNote is based on many early works and protocols and takes into consideration several issues raised formerly. Below is a list of the most important papers and events that influenced CryptoNote: • 1983 – described by; • 1997 – (an instance of a system) invented by; • 2001 –,, and Yael Tauman proposed ring signatures to the cryptographic community; • 2004 – Patrick P. Tsang and Victor K.

Proposed using the ring signature system for voting and electronic cash; • 2008 – Bitcoin whitepaper published by Satoshi Nakamoto; • 2011 – An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System, Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan; • 2012 – Destination Address Anonymity in Bitcoin (one-time addresses in CryptoNote). Anonymous transactions and ring signatures [ ]. The changes in the results of blockchain analysis after implementing the ring signatures.

Like Bitcoin, CryptoNote currencies use a consisting of numbers and letters that is derived from user's. Addresses serve as public of the users. However, unlike Bitcoin, CryptoNote transactions hide the connection between the sender's and the receiver's addresses. Sender privacy [ ] To prevent sender identification, CryptoNote groups the sender's public key with several other keys (more precisely, it groups the sender's output with several other's outputs), making it impossible to tell who actually sent the transaction. If are used, all possible senders referenced in the transaction are equiprobable and there is no way to determine the exact used while signing. This approach does not require dedicated for mixing coins and does not need other users to actively participate in transaction generation (see ).

It still assures the network that the original sender has the funds in his or her account to send the transaction like an ordinary signature scheme does. Instead of proving in manner the fact 'I possess the private key which corresponds to this particular public key' the signer proves 'I possess at least one of the private keys which correspond to this set of public keys'. Receiver privacy [ ] On the receiver's end, the technology generates a new public key for each money transfer, even for the same sender and receiver. With sender's random data and receiver public address it is possible to create a pair of unique private and public keys via. Sender generates one-time for each transfer and only the receiver can recover the corresponding private key (to redeem the funds). No third party can determine if two different transactions were sent to the same recipient. Double spending protection [ ] Anonymous transactions have a potential problem.

Bitcoin and similar currencies use a public ledger to verify that each person sending funds actually has such funds in their account and have not sent it to another user previously. Since CryptoNote currencies are anonymous, the network must confirm the validity of transactions in another way. CryptoNote solved this problem by using more sophisticated scheme instead of usual ring signature:. The algorithm originally proposed by Fujisaki and Suzuki in 2007 allows to trace the sender of two different messages if they contain the same tag and signed by the same private key.

CryptoNote authors slightly simplified the scheme, replacing tag with key and discarding the traceability property. They called their algorithm one-time ring signature, 'stressing the user’s capability to produce only one valid signature under his private key'. Two different signatures under the same key (a double spend attempt) can be easily linked together, and only one will be stored in the blockchain.

The key idea is in using the image of the private key in signing/verification formulas. These are not actual images that would contribute greatly to blockchain bloat, but rather a number, which corresponds to each private key (deterministically derived from it by the cryptographic hash function). The key image cannot be used to derive the private key and public address, but since every key image spent is stored in the blockchain, the network will block any duplicates. Likewise, any attempt to create a key image would not fit into the mathematical formula during a transaction verification and will be denied.

The downside to this is that it would be impossible to identify anyone who attempts to perform a double spend with fraudulent intent or as a result of software or human error. The system, however, will block such attempts. Egalitarian proof of work [ ] The CryptoNote’s proof of work mechanism is actually a voting system where users vote for the right order of transactions, new features in the protocol and honest money supply distribution. It is important that during the voting process every participant have equal voting rights.

Most CryptoNote coins use the CryptoNight algorithm to run their blockchain and secure their networks, the only exception being Boolberry. CryptoNight is a proof-of-work algorithm that mixes (GPU) and (CPU) to create a system resistant to both (ASICs) and fast memory-on-chip devices. This is designed to create a more uniform distribution of coins through the currency's life. However, there are some questions about its susceptibility to botnets. [ ] The algorithm includes: • construction; • -like 2 MB scratchpad with random look-ups (read-write); • 64-bit; • (AES) • Hash functions,,, Adaptive network limits [ ] There are no hard-coded constants in CryptoNote code.

Each network limit such as maximum block size, or minimum fee amount is adjusted based on the historical data of the system. Moreover, the difficulty and the maximum block size are automatically adjusted with each new block. Philosophy [ ] CryptoNote philosophy is built on privacy as a fundamental human right, and. According to the, the CryptoNight algorithm is intended to make the coin adhere to Satoshi Nakamoto's original vision of “one-CPU-one-vote” system. Thus the tremendous advantage GPUs have over CPUs in most cryptocurrencies is considerably decreased in CryptoNight.

Whether if this is a good thing or not is debatable. Current CryptoNote currencies [ ].

Main article: Bytecoin (BCN), not to be confused Bitcoin (BTC), was the first implementation of the CryptoNote protocol launched in July 2012. Since launching, several improvements have been introduced including transactions and several security updates.

In 2013, the original CryptoNote Java implementation was rewritten using. [ – ] The Bytecoin blockchain contains some extra information not directly related to money transfers: several blocks include of universities, educational facilities among other buildings.

Blocks generated since August 11, 2012 contain quotes from, by and other authors. On March 31, 2015 Bytecoin developers announced their roadmap for several upcoming releases. The following improvements were mentioned among others:- • payment gateway capable of receiving and sending thousands transactions simultaneously • desktop GUI software (released few weeks later in April 2015 ) • several API layers for integration with other software • blockchain-based aliases system • blockchain-based assets • with embedded language Monero (XMR) [ ].

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